The surface of Mars is a vast, rugged landscape shaped by billions of years of volcanic activity, meteor impacts, powerful dust storms, and extreme temperature changes. What appears dry and lifeless today was once very different — ancient river channels, layered rocks, and mineral deposits found on the Martian ground suggest that liquid water once flowed here. Each crack, ridge, and rock on Mars acts like a natural time capsule, preserving clues about the planet’s climate, geology, and its poten