Frances Arnold on directed enzyme evolution: random mutation plus smart screening, and why it changed enzyme engineering and ...

The in vitro experiments that used the artificial genetic codes tested here did not provide support for the error minimization theory.

Large language models (LLMs) are gradually transforming research in the life sciences in ways that extend far beyond ...

Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom School of Molecular and ...

Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), in response to a myriad of injurious stimuli, switch from a contractile state to a proliferative/migratory state in a process known as phenotypic modulation.

Article subjects are automatically applied from the ACS Subject Taxonomy and describe the scientific concepts and themes of the article. Controlling gene expression is beneficial for a wide range of ...

The chemistry of the interstellar medium occurs under extreme conditions and can lead to the formation of exotic molecules. These are species that on Earth are unstable and/or highly reactive. Their ...

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Three-dimensional (3D) cell spheroids are being increasingly applied in many research fields due to their enhanced biological functions as compared to conventional two-dimensional (2D) cultures. 3D ...