The chest wall is involved in over 50% of thoracic injuries. [2,3,4] Pain and edema can restrict thoracic excursions and limit adequate respirations, leading to atelectasis and impaired ventilation.

Evidence-based recommendations on insertion of metal rib reinforcements to stabilise a flail chest wall. This involves using metal (usually titanium) to stabilise the ‘flail’ segment of chest wall.

The Nature Index 2025 Research Leaders — previously known as Annual Tables — reveal the leading institutions and countries/territories in the natural and health sciences, according to their output in ...